原创 Dingchao 阿尔法医学英语 前天
ECG名称的由来
当在医学院生理学课堂第一次接触心电图(Electrocardiography,ECG),我就对图上那些字母的名称来历非常好奇,料想它们都应该是某个词汇的首字母。
Fig. 1 The components of the ECG complex
这样的想法萦绕了一年多,但是一直没有想通或查到是什么词汇的首字母。后来学习诊断学的时候,辅助检查里有一个章节专门讲解心电图,面对那些起起伏伏的波形,之前的好奇再次涌了上来。查询讨论无果后,问了一位心外科的博士学长,他发给我一篇论文,读了第一段之后发现——
P、Q、R、S、T、U,这些字母,在字母顺序表里是连在一起的啊!
(我为了让读者在看标题的时候想不到这一点,标题故意用P、T、QRS、U的顺序。)
其实心电图波形并不是一开始就用PQRSTU表示的,以前用过ABCD,为什么要改呢?这篇文章介绍了这个有意思的过程——
The first human ECG, recorded by Waller in 1887 with Lippmann’s capillary electrometer, revealed only 2 deflections. Being a physiologist, Waller labeled the waves as one would expect a physiologist to do: he used letters that suggested the anatomic parts of the heart that produced them. Accordingly, he labeled the 2 waves V1 and V2 to indicate ventricular events.
生理学家Waller生于1856年,1887年记录了人类第一张心电图,这张原始心电图还只有两个波,认为他们来源于心室(Ventricle)活动,Waller把这两个波标记为V1和V2。同年,Waller在英国皇家学会的玛丽医院演示了记录心电图的过程。
Einthoven, using a Lippmann capillary electrometer, also obtained tracings with 2 waves made by the ventricles and labeled them A and B. When Einthoven later recorded atrial excitation with an improved Lippmann electrometer, Waller labeled the newly discovered deflection with an A to indicate it was produced by the atria.
Einthoven生于1860年,参加Waller的演示会后,也投入心电图的研究中。随后也用同样的工具记录到了两个波,他将其标记为A波和B波。后来Einthoven改进了测量工具,记录到了心房产生的波,Waller将新记录到的波命名为A波,表示产生部位是心房(atria)。
Einthoven, who had already used A to label the first ventricular event, used P to designate the record made by the electrical activity produced by the atria. His labeling of the primitive tracing was then mixed: A and B, the first letters of the alphabet, were used to indicate ventricular events, and P, from near the middle of the alphabet, was used to indicate atrial events.
但是Einthoven已经用A表示心室产生的第一个波了,于是他用P表示心房产生的波。现在Einthoven这里的标记是:心室产生的波分别用A、B表示,心房产生的波用P表示。而Waller的标记是:心室产生的波用V1、V2表示,心房产生的波用A表示。
Einthoven为什么用P呢?面对这种分歧,Waller的反应是什么?
When Einthoven used the letter P, he was undoubtedly thinking about Descartes’ use of the letter P to designate a point on a curve. Waller, however, refused to use the new labels.
原来Einthoven是想起了笛卡尔用P标记曲线上的点,当然,Waller是不同意这种标记方法的。是Waller先发现心电图,并把记录到的两个心室波命名为V1、V2,而Einthoven硬要把他们改成A、B,并不服Waller给心房波命名的A波,自己另起炉灶来了个P波……满满的掐架画面感。
The ECG recorded by Einthoven with an even more refined Lippmann capillary electrometer showed 4 deflections. Einthoven labeled these waves ABCD. He eliminated the letter P, shifted the letter A to indicate electrical activity of the atria, and used B to designate the first downward deflection produced by electrical activity of the ventricles. He used C to designate the first upward wave and D to identify the last upward wave produced by electrical activity of the ventricles.
Einthoven继续发力,又检测到一个波,现在心电图有4个波,他把P换成了A,但是也并没有用Waller的V表示心室的波,而是选了A后面的BCD。以为这就结束了?没有,不然PQRSTU是怎么来的。
Einthoven developed a mathematical formula that compensated for the inertia and friction of the mercury column in the capillary tube of the refined Lippmann electrometer. In 1895 he published an illustration that showed his mathematically corrected curve superimposed on the uncorrected curve made by the refined Lippmann capillary electrometer.
Einthoven真的是厉害啊,开发了一个数学公式,可以补偿精制的Lippmann静电计的毛细管中汞柱的惯性和摩擦。处理后的心电图变了样,为了把正确形式的心电图推广开来,他又想到了奇招——改名。
Fig. 2 Einthoven wanted to show the difference in the 2 curves
Because he used ABCD to indicate the waves in the uncorrected tracing, he was forced to find other letters to label his corrected curve, which he superimposed on the uncorrected tracing. He chose PQRST. One attractive hypothesis is that Einthoven chose these letters because Descartes had used them to identify successive points on a curve.
因为之前用ABCD标记的是未校正过的心电图波形,Einthoven不得不选用其他字母表示校正后的心电图波形,他选了PQRST。改名后还是不忘“P”,Einthoven对笛卡尔的“P”情有独钟啊。笛卡尔的“P”是怎么回事呢?大家可以想一想直角坐标系中的P(Px,Py)。
后来Einthoven又发现T波后记录到一种新的波,将其命名为U波。Einthoven对心电图波形的PQRSTU命名一直用到现在。相比于用“ABCD”系统的A打头,或许选用P为表示心电图的第一个波形还有一个好处:由于P位于中间,以后发现新的波往前命名或往后命名都有余地。而Waller对心电图波形的命名,只有V1、V2尚为现今的学习者熟悉,但是它们都不是表示心室波了——它们表示胸导联的第一支和第二支。
1924年,Einthoven因发明心电图记录技术而荣获诺贝尔医学奖或生理学奖,当时Waller因脑中风已去世3年。心电图问世的一百多年来,技术不断改进,如今已经成为医院常规诊疗技术,在心脏疾病的诊疗方面发挥重要作用。
心电图相关医学英语词汇:
(图一)
electrocardiogram/electrocardiography,ECG/EKG 心电图
P wave / QRS complex / ST segment / T wave P波/QRS波群/ST段/T波
PR interval / QT interval PR间期/QT间期
limb leads (I, II, III, VR, VL, VF) 肢体导联
augmented limb leads (aVR, aVL, aVF) 加压肢体导联
chest leads (V1–V6) 胸导联
the cardiac axis 心电轴
right axis deviation / left axis deviation 心电轴右偏/心电轴左偏
right / left atrial enlargement 右/左心房肥大
biatrial enlargement 双心房肥大
right / left ventricular hypertrophy 右/左心室肥厚
biventricular hypertrophy 双心室肥厚
myocardial ischemia 心肌缺血
myocardial infarction 心肌梗死
sinus rhythm 窦性心律
sinus arrhythmia 窦性心律不齐
sinus arrest 窦性停搏
sick sinus syndrome, SSS 病态窦房结综合征
sinus tachycardia / bradycardia 窦性心率过缓/过速
ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过缓
premature contraction 期前收缩
bigeminy / trigeminy 二联律/三联律
escape rhythm 逸搏心律
atrial flutter, AFL 心房扑动
atrial fibrillation, AF 心房颤动
atrioventricular block, AVB 房室传导阻滞
first / second / third degree block Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ度传导阻滞
right / left bundle branch block 右/左束支传导阻滞
pre-excitation syndrome 预激综合征
这篇文章文章还讲了心电图后Einthovn时代发现的Delta波、Osborn波、Epsilon波的命名来历,感兴趣的读者可以点击阅读原文下载文章阅读(密码: i3bd)。
参考文献:
J. Willis Hurst. Naming of the Waves in the ECG, With a Brief Account of Their Genesis. Circulation. 1998;98:1937-1942.
John R. Hampton. The ECG Made Easy. Elsevier. 8th edition, 2013.
AlphaMedEnglish
供稿:Dingchao
编辑:西瓜籽
审核:TS