Unit 4 Astronomy：The science of the stars
1. spread vt.&vi. 展开,铺开;散布;扩大;延伸
The bird spread its wings. 那只鸟展开了翅膀。
Flies spread disease. 苍蝇传播疾病。
常用结构:
spread sth. with sth. 用……抹/涂/铺……
spread ...on ...把……抹/涂/铺在……
be spread for摆好（桌子）准备
spread oneself\[口\]舒展四肢(躺下)
spread out张开，伸开，铺开，展开，伸长
单项填空
Paper making began in China and _____________to Europe.
A. Spread B. grew C. Carried D. developed
解析:选A。句意为：造纸术起源于中国，又传播到了欧洲。spread传播。
2. method n. 方法
He has introduced a new method of teaching.他引进了一种新的教学方法。
What is the most effective method of birth control?控制出生率的最有效的方法是什么？
联想拓展
by this means=in this way=with this method 用这种方法
易混辨析 method/means
method侧重"理论方法"，指做某事的具体步骤或程序。
a new teaching method一种新的教学方法
means（单复数同形）侧重"通过手段"或"利用工具"去达到某种目的。
选词填空(method/means)（原创）
①The quickest of travel _____________is by plane.
②She has a very scientific _____________of dealing with political problems.
答案：①means②method
3. harmful adj. 有害的
常用结构:
do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 对某人有害
mean no harm 无意伤害别人;没有恶意
harm one's image/reputation 损害某人的形象/名声
do more harm than good 弊大于利
There is no harm in (sb's) doing sth.
=It does no harm (for sb.) to do sth. (某人) 做某事无害处
be harmful to 对……有害
harm n.&v. 损害，伤害
Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸烟有害健康。
【活学活用】
(1)As we all know, the polluted water and air are harmful to people's health. 众所周知,污染了的水和空气对人的健康有害。
(2)The local government decided to close down some factories which had done a lot of harm to the environment.当地政府决定关闭一些对环境造成重大损害的工厂。
(3)Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noise do harm to (= ________) ocean animals. 对于危害海洋动物的噪声的强度和种类,科学家们并不了解。
(4)语法填空。
①It never occurred to him that his carelessness could do such great harm____________himself.
②They may not be able to help but there's no harm in ____________(ask) them.
③Apparently, you were cracking a ____________(harm) joke, but she was terribly scared.
答案：(3)are harmful to (4)①to ②asking ③harmless
单项填空
He is a nice dog. He won't do you any____________ .
A.ill B. bite C. hurt D. harm
解析:选D。考查固定搭配。do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 表示"对某人有害"。句意为：这是一条温顺的狗，它不会伤害你。故选D。
4. mass n. 质量；团；块；大量；(前加the) 群众
A liter of gas has less mass than a liter of water.1公升气体的质量少于1公升水的质量。
She has a mass of things to do.她有一大堆的事情要做。
The masses have boundless creative power.人民群众有无限的创造力。
常用结构:
be a mass of 遍体是……; 充满了……
in mass 全部, 全体; 整个地
in the mass 总体上;总的说来
the (great) mass of 大多数, 大部分
masses of sth.大量的东西
单项填空
The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _____________pictures of them.
A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of
解析:选B。句意为：年轻的舞蹈家们穿着美丽的衣服看起来很迷人，因此我们给他们拍了许多照片。masses of=lots of，后跟复数名词。
5. pull v. 拉，拖，拔；移动 n.拉，拖；牵(引)力
You push and I'll pull. 你来推，我来拉。
I felt a pull at my sleeve and turned round. 我觉得有人扯我的袖子，便转过身来。
常用结构:
pull ahead (of sb./sth.) 领先于（某人/物）
pull (sb.) back（使某人）退却；撤回（某人）
pull off (sth.)（指机动车辆）驶离（道路至路侧停车处停下）
pull out (sth.) 拉掉；使分离；掏出；驶离（车站）
pull on 穿，戴上（袜子、手套等）
pull together 同心协力；通力合作
【活学活用】
(1)You'll find my mother in the garden as usual, pulling up weeds.
你会像平时一样在花园里找到我的母亲,她在拔草。(拔出)
(2)I stepped outside and pulled up my collar against the cold mist.
我走出门,竖起衣领抵御冷雾。(竖起,拉起)
(3)The policeman pulled up the motorist and asked to see his driving licence.
警察让那个驾驶员停车,要看他的驾照。(停车)
(4)用pull相关短语的适当形式填空。
①The policeman signalled the driver to_____________his car so that he could check his licence.
②When all passengers were on board, the train _____________of the station.
③Her family wondered if she could _____________after the operation.
④Crowds jammed in for seats when the train_____________.
⑤The earthquake_____________most of the buildings in the city.
⑥The express from Beijing_____________on time.
答案：(4)①pull over ②pulled out ③pull through ④pulled up ⑤pulled down ⑥pulled in
用pull相关短语的适当形式填空
①I arrived as the last train was _____________.
②He _____________a gun and aimed at the criminal.
③So long as we_____________ , there's no mountain top we can't conquer.
答案：①pulling out②pulled out③pull together
6. cheer vt. & vi. (使)高兴、振奋；(对)欢呼
The crowd cheered loudly as the Queen appeared.女王出现时群众高声欢呼。
He was greatly cheered by the news.他听到这个消息非常高兴。
常用结构:
cheer sb. on为某人加油
cheer (sb.) up（使某人）更高兴；（使）振奋起来
联想拓展
cheerful adj.高兴的
cheerless adj.不高兴的；阴冷的
用cheer相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）
①Your visit has greatly _____________him up.
②The crowd _____________the runners _____________as they started the last lap.
答案：①cheered②cheered ;on
7. puzzle vt.&vi.（使）迷惑；（使）苦思 n.迷；难题
puzzled adj. 无法了解的；困惑的
puzzling adj. 令人费解的
Her reply puzzled me.她的回答把我弄糊涂了。
Their reason for doing it is still a puzzle to me.他们为什么要那样做此事我仍感到莫名其妙。
常用结构：
sb. be puzzled by sth.某人对……感到迷惑
puzzle about/over sth.对某事感到迷惑
puzzle one's brain冥思苦想；绞尽脑汁
solve a puzzle解决一个难题
[温馨提示] puzzled意为“迷惑的,不解的”,往往用于指人或人的表情、脸色、声音等;puzzling意为“令人迷惑的,让人不解的”,往往指物。
【活学活用】
(1)There was a puzzled look on her face because a puzzling problem puzzled her.
她脸上有迷惑不解的神情,因为有个令人费解的问题使她困惑。
(2)The police are still puzzling (=_____________ a puzzle)about/over how the accident could have happened. 警察们仍然在苦苦思索这起事故是怎么发生的。
(3)语法填空。
①Why a bird can cause an air disaster is still_____________puzzle to me.
②Hearing the general manager's explanation, he had a ___________(puzzle) expression on his face.
③The reporters as well as some critics remained _____________(puzzle) by the election results.
④When the little girl was asked such a _____________question, she stood there with a __________ look on her face. (puzzle)
(4)一句多译。
①The sheep farmer _____________the disappearance of some sheep on his farm. (puzzle n.)
②The sheep farmer _____________the disappearance of some sheep on his farm. (puzzled adj.)
那位牧羊的农场主一直对他农场中羊只的丢失感到疑惑不解。
答案：(2)in (3)①a ②puzzled ③puzzled ④puzzling; puzzled (4)①was still in a puzzle about
②was still puzzled by
用puzzle的适当形式填空
①To explain the _____________findings, he offers two theories.
②I _____________that I haven't heard from Liz for so long.
③She listened with a _____________expression on her face.
④No one has yet succeeded in explaining the _____________of how life began.
答案：①puzzling②am puzzled③puzzled④puzzle
8. exist vi. 存在，生存
existence n. 存在
Does life exist on Mars?火星上有生命吗？
I can hardly exist on the wage I'm getting.我靠自己挣的工资简直难以糊口。
常用结构：
exist prep. 存在于某地方
exist on sth. 靠某物生存
【活学活用】
(1)Ever since a long time ago, there have existed different opinions among scientists on how the universe first existed(=came into existence).长期以来,在宇宙的起源这个问题上,科学家们一直存在不同看法。
(2)The two sides have reached a partial agreement, but several differences still exist between them.双方达成了部分协议,但他们之间仍存在着一些分歧。
(3)语法填空。
①According to some philosophers, everything in ____________(exist) is reasonable.
②We have no money to buy advanced machines, so we should make better use of the___________ (exist) old ones.
③____________exists a wide range of different opinions among the committee members.
答案：(3)①existence ②existing ③There
用exist相关短语的适当形式填空
①This plant only ____________Australia.
②Can you ____________such a low salary?
③I doubt the ____________of alien.
答案：①exists; in②exist on③existence
9.prevent v.阻止;制止
prevent/stop/keep…from doing sth 阻止……做某事
protect…from 保护……不受……侵袭;挡住;防御
keep…doing sth 使……一直做某事
【活学活用】
(1)The heavy rain didn't prevent/stop/keep us from going to the forest to watch the birds last Sunday.
→The heavy rain didn't prevent/stop us going to the forest to watch the birds last Sunday. (不能用keep)
→We were not prevented/stopped/kept from going to the forest to watch the birds by the heavy rain last Sunday. (不能省略from)大雨没能阻止我们上周日到森林里观鸟。
(2)Unless we get more funding, we'll be prevented from finishing our experimental programme.
除非我们得到更多的经费,否则我们将无法完成实验项目。
(3)Every possible means should be taken to___________. 人们应该采取各种可能的措施来防止这条河流受到污染。
(4)语法填空。
①His heart trouble did not prevent him ___________(go) to class the next day.
②His further consideration of the point _________(prevent) by Richard's coming back to us excitedly.
③He cut off the electricity quickly, ___________(prevent) an accident.
④_____(prevent) himself from crying, he took a step backwards into the hallway and closed the door.
答案：(3)prevent/stop/keep the river from being polluted (4)①going ②was prevented ③preventing ④To prevent
重点短语
10. in time意为"及时"时相当于early enough, soon enough;意为"终于，早晚"时相当于sooner or later。
We got to the station just in time to catch the bus.=We got to the station just in time for the bus.
我们到达车站时，刚好赶上了那班汽车。
The doctor came in time to save her life.医生及时赶来救了她的命。
You'll succeed in time if you keep on working hard.假若坚持努力下去，你迟早会成功的。
联想拓展
be in time for sth./be in time to do sth.对于某事是及时的/及时做某事
ahead of time提前；提早
all the time一直；始终
at one time曾经；一度
at a time一次
at times 有时
at the same time同时；然而；可是
from time to time不时；偶尔
in no time立刻；马上
take one's time不急，慢慢来
time and time again一次又一次；一再
【活学活用】
(1)We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun.我们是夏季到的,正好赶上欣赏子夜太阳。(及时)
(2)He was involved in a murder and in time they would pick him up. 他参与了一起谋*案,他们迟早会逮捕他的。(迟早)
(3)It sounds as if you are getting treatment, and I hope that some mixture of drugs and cognitive behaviour therapy will help in time.听起来你好像正在接受治疗,我希望药物加上认知行为疗法最终能帮到你。(最终)
(4)用time的相关短语填空。
①If you keep on, you'll succeed ___________.
②The car came to a stop just___________to prevent an accident.
③___________, half the land on the earth's surface was covered by the forest.
④We'll have the leak fixed___________.
答案：(4)①in time ②in time ③At one time ④in no time
单项填空
—I was disappointed in ___________time when I didn't pass the examinations.
—Don't be so discouraged. You'll be successful in___________time.
A./; / B. a; a C./; a D. a; /
解析:选D。句意为：——我没通过考试那段时间我很失望。——别灰心。你迟早会成功的。第一个空考查的是when 引导的定语从句，表示在某段时间里，故应用in a time。而第二个空表示"迟早"，故用in time。
11. prevent ...from 阻止；制止
The heavy rain prevented us from going there. 这场大雨使我们没能到那里去。
易混辨析
prevent/stop/keep/protect
prevent, stop, keep与protect四者的常见结构为：
prevent ...(from) doing sth.；stop ...(from) doing sth.；keep ...from doing sth.; 均表示"阻止……做某事"。
上述三个结构中，在主动语态中stop 与prevent后可省去from，但在被动语态中不可省略; 而keep ...from ...中的from在任何情况下都不能省略。另外，
protect ...from ...表示"保护……不受……侵袭；阻挡；防御"。from后接能带来伤害或损害的事物。
This plan will be kept from being carried out. 这个计划将被阻止实施。
高手过招
单项填空
Some policemen should be sent to ___________them ___________the trees.
A. prevent; to cut down B. stop; cutting down
C. keep; to cut down D. keep; cutting down
解析:选B。句意为：应该派一些警察去阻止他们砍伐树木。keep/prevent/stop ... from doing sth.阻止……做某事,其中keep ...from doing sth. 中的from不可省略。故选B。
12. break out 突发；爆发（无被动语态）
Trouble may break out at any moment.灾难在任何时候都可能突然发生。
When did the war break out? 战争什么时候爆发的？
It was at midnight that a fire broke out.在午夜时分发生了一起大火。
联想拓展
break away from 脱离（政党等）；打破（陈规等）
break down 出故障；（计划等）失败；（身体、精神等）垮掉
break in 破门而入，闯入；打断（话语）等
break into 破门而入；突然……起来
break off 折断；突然中止；断绝；结束
break through 突破
break up 敲碎；放假；散会
易混辨析
come about/happen/take place/break out/occur
come about 发生，相当于happen, take place。后面不可以接宾语，也不可以使用被动语态。
happen 强调偶然发生。
take place 指按计划、安排发生；举行
break out 多用于指战争、火灾、疾病、疫情的突然爆发。
occur 常用于句式： sth. occurs to sb. 某事发生在某人身上。
【活学活用】
(1)A fire broke out in the lower story during the midnight and soon the whole building was in flames.午夜时分楼下着火了,不一会儿整栋大楼都烧起来了。
(2)Once they understood the joke, they broke out into laughter.他们一明白了那个笑话,就大笑起来。(break out into突然发出,迸发出)
(3)The prisoner managed to break out of the room where he was imprisoned.那个犯人设法从囚禁他的屋子里逃了出来。(break out of逃出)
(4)用适当的介词、副词填空。
①We were discussing our plans, but had to break ___________when the telephone rang.
②Last night somebody broke___________Mr White's house and took away a lot of things.
③She broke ___________when she heard the news, but quickly recovered.
④Scientists think they have broken _____in their attempt to find the causes of many major diseases.
⑤The husband and wife are always quarrelling and their relations are breaking___________ .
答案：(4)①off ②into ③down ④through ⑤up
用break相关短语的适当形式填空 （原创）
①A terrible tsunami ___________in the southeastern countries of Asia at Christmas, 2004.
②When do you ___________for Christmas?
③Negotiations between the two sides have ___________.
④His house was ___________last week.
答案：①broke out②break up③broken down④broken into
13. block out 挡住（光线）
That wall blocks out all the light.那堵墙把光线都遮住了。
联想拓展
burst out 大声喊叫;突然……起来
go out 外出；过时；熄(灯)
put out 关(灯)；扑灭；生产
come out 出现，显露；出版;结果是
help out 帮助解决难题(或摆脱困境)
look out留神；注意
watch out 注意；提防；向外看
find out 找出，查明，发现
pick out挑出;辨认出，分辨出
speak out 大声地说;大胆地说
think out仔细思考(某事)；想出（主意等）
hang out 挂出;闲逛
knock out (拳)击中，击倒，打昏
sell out 售完(某种货物)，脱销
turn out 结果证明是
run out (of) 用完，耗尽
check out 结账离去，办妥手续离去
give out 分发（试卷等）；发出（光、热等）；用尽；耗完；筋疲力尽
高手过招
用out相关短语的适当形式填空（原创）
①At the end of the race his legs ___________and he collapsed on the ground.
②It' s easy to ___________him ___________in a crowd because he is very tall.
③His new book will ___________next month.
④We thought it was going to rain; it ___________to be a fine day.
⑤We ___________of/from our hotel at 5 a.m. to catch a 7 a.m. flight.
答案：①gave out②pick; out③come out ④turned out⑤checked out
14.watch out for 密切注视;当心;提防
watch over 照看;看守
keep a watch on 监视,密切注视
be on the watch (for) 提防,警惕,当心
【活学活用】
(1)You'll catch a cold if you don't watch out; you need a warmer coat.如果你不注意,就会感冒,你需要穿一件厚一点的外套。
(2)Watch out that you don't catch a cold, going out in the pouring rain.冒着瓢泼大雨出去,当心感冒。
(3)He climbed the mountain carefully, all the time watching out for loose rocks.爬山时,他步步小心,怕踩到松动的石头。
(4)用适当的介词填空。
①Will you watch ___________my clothes while I have a swim?
②The police warned holidaymakers to be___________the watch for car thieves.
③Please keep a close watch ___________the children while they are in the pool.
④I'm always watching out ___________mistakes that I may have missed before.
答案：(4)①over ②on ③on ④for
15.cheer up 感到高兴;感到振奋
(1)cheer for 为……喝彩叫好;为……鼓劲加油
cheer sb on (比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励某人;为某人加油
cheer the victory 为胜利而欢呼
(2)cheerful adj. 快乐的,高兴的
Cheers! (用于祝酒)干杯!
【活学活用】
(1)Whenever I encounter difficulties, she will encourage me and help me cheer up.每当我遇到困难时,她总是鼓励我,帮我振作起来。
(2)The trapped miners cheered up when they heard the rescue party.被困的矿工们听到救援队的声音时大为鼓舞。
(3)If they win the final tonight,the team are going to tour around the city by their enthusiastic supporters. 如果他们赢得今晚的决赛,这支队伍将巡游全城以接受他们热情的支持者们的欢呼。
(4)语法填空。
①Your___________(cheer) appearance has relieved me of all my worries.
②Everyone cheered___________the violinist at our school concert.
③The crowd cheered the runners ___________as they started on the last lap of the race.
答案：(3)to be cheered (4)①cheerful ②for ③on
16.in one's turn 轮到某人;接着
in turn 依次;轮流;转而;相应地
by turns 轮流;交替地
take turns to do sth 轮流做某事
It is one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事。
It turns/turned out that… 结果是……
【活学活用】
(1)Mr Franklin seemed to be as helpless as his cousin when he heard the news in his turn.当富兰克林先生听到这个消息时,他也像他的表哥一样一筹莫展。
(2)It was my turn to recite. How I wish I had been able to say the rules without a mistake!轮到我背诵了,我多么希望我能够一字不错地把那些规则说出来啊!
(3) __________the person seated next to me on the train was one of my old friends. 火车上坐在我旁边的那个人原来是我的一个老朋友。
(4)用take turns/by turns/in turn的适当形式填空。
①The young parents had to __________ to look after their sick baby.
②The change of the climate makes the earth warmer. __________, the warmth of the earth changes the climate, too.
③I decided to divide this class into three groups to give them lessons__________ .
答案：(3)It turned out that (4)①take turns ②In turn ③by turns
17.What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38~45 亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。
What it was to become ...是what 引导的主语从句，what 在从句中作become 的宾语。
What surprised everybody was that he didn't come to the meeting.使大家惊奇的是他竟没有参加会议。
What he did added to our difficulty.他所做的增加了我们的困难。
"be 动词不定式"在本句中表示按照计划、安排将要发生的动作。
When are they to hand in their plan?他们的计划什么时候交上来？
You are to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。
联想拓展
"be to"还可以表示以下含义：
表示可能性，相当于can,主要用于疑问句和否定句。表示命令，意为"必须，不得不"，意思等同于must, have to，表示假设。表示"命运注定……"，通常用于过去时。
How am I to know what has become of him?我怎么知道他的遭遇如何呢？
Certain skills must be learned if one is to use English well.如果想要用好英语，某些技巧是必须学的。
He was never to see his wife again.他注定再也见不到他妻子了。
Were we to offer you more money, would you stay?如果我们给你加钱，你愿意留下吗？
单项填空
In dry weather the flowers will have to be watered if they___________ .
A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive
解析:选B。考查真实条件句。are to survive在此处并不表示将来，而表示"期望"。
18. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。
twice as ...as ... 是……的两倍
联想拓展
英语中的倍数表达法：
倍数 as adj./adv. as 是……的几倍
倍数 adj./adv.的比较级 than 比……(多/大)几倍
倍数 the 表示长度/高度/宽度等的名词 of是……长度/高度/宽度的几倍，此结构中常用的名词有：size, height, weight, length, width, depth等。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.
=This ruler is twice longer than that one.
=This ruler is three times the length of that one. 这把尺子是那把的三倍长。
There are four times as many students as we expected. 到的学生是我们预计的五倍。
【活学活用】
(1)The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be
=three times as big as the present one.
=three times bigger than the present one.
=three times the size of the present one.
正在为下届亚运会而建设的新体育场将是目前这个体育场的三倍。
(2)The gravity on the surface of Mars is about ___________ as it is on the earth. (strong)
火星表面的引力大约是地球表面引力的三分之一。
(3)Kenya, a land more than ___________ Britain, is everywhere parched. (size)
肯尼亚四处干旱炎热,其面积是英国的两倍多。
(4)It is reported that the United States uses ___________ the whole of Europe.(much; as)
据报道,美国使用的能源是整个欧洲的两倍。
答案:(2)one third as strong (3)twice the size of (4)twice as much energy as
(1)翻译句子
这个房子是那个的三倍大。
(2)完成句子
到的客人是我们预计的两倍。
There are ___________we expected .
答案：(1)This house is three times as big as that one./This house is twice bigger than that one./This house is three times the size of that one.
(2)twice as many guests as
19.This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.这引起了连锁反应,使生命的发展成为可能。
句型公式 make it possible…使……成为可能
【句式点拨】本句是“make it 形容词/名词 to do sth”结构,其中it为形式宾语,指代后面的不定式结构。it作形式宾语,除指代不定式结构外,还可指代that引导的宾语从句。
【活学活用】
(1)The sun gives off light and heat, which makes it possible/making it possible for plants to grow.
太阳发出光和热,这使得植物生长成为可能。(it指代不定式)
(2)The invention of television has made it possible that movies can be watched at home.
电视机的发明使在家看电影成为可能。(it指代从句)
(3)People in the West make________a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
在西方,人们常在圣诞节时给他们的亲属们和朋友们购买礼物。
(4)Obviously, it is the Internet___________to communicate with each other.
显然,是因特网使得彼此间交流很容易。
(5)They are scheduled to reach Shanghai by June 6, ___________for them to attend the meeting.
他们预计于6月6日前抵达上海,正好能使他们赶上参加会议。
答案:(3)it (4)that makes it easy (5)making it possible
佳句再现
1.so adj./adv.…that…引导状语从句,意为“如此……以至于”
The earth became _________(如此激烈以至于) it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.
2.make it possible to do sth使做某事成为可能
This produced a chain reaction, which ___________(使生命的发展成为可能).
3.现在分词表示“结果”
As a result of this event, a great dust cloud formed in the sky ___________(遮住了阳光).
4.whether引导的名词性从句
So _______(生命能否延续) on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on ___________(这个问题能否得到解决).
5.“倍数 as adj./adv. as”句型
But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried __________(两倍远) on the earth and fell over.
答案:1.so violent that
2. made it possible for life to develop
3.blocking out the sunlight
4.whether life will continue;whether this problem can be solved
5.twice as far as
